Robert Stephens, PE is Principal Engineer for Stephens Associates’ geotechnical/geological, earthquake and dams consulting services. He served as District Manager, Project Manager, Project and Staff Engineer with nationally recognized engineering firms on the east and west coasts of the United States, Hawaii and Guam. Mr. Stephens has performed geotechnical, geological, geophysical, earthquake and environmental engineering, hydraulics and/or hydrology on civil works, including buildings and infrastructure, in the United States and overseas. He has evaluated and designed foundations, excavation support systems, embankments and slopes. Mr. Stephens has engineered rock slopes, and performed and/or supervised geotechnical, geological, seismic, hydraulic and hydrologic studies of existing facilities such as seismic safety evaluations for dams, including High Hazard, large embankment and historic stone-masonry dams. He has evaluated earth properties by geotechnical and geophysical methods including seismic refraction techniques. He is a member of the Association of State Dam Safety Officials. He is President of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers Section (BSCES) of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), member and Past Co-Chair of the Editorial Board of Civil Engineering Practice: the Journal of the BSCES, and Past Chair of the Geotechnical Group of BSCES. He is Past Chair of the Sections and Branches Council of the Geo-Institute (G-I) of ASCE, was a charter member of the G-I Professional Practice Council. He currently serves on the G-I Technical Committee on Embankments, Dams and Slopes, and the G-I Codes and Standards Committee on Inspection of Dams.

Registrations/Certifications

Maine: Professional Engineer #10191

Massachusetts: Professional Engineer #40748

New Hampshire: Professional Engineer #10859; Professional Geologist #435

Vermont: Professional Engineer #8180

Education

M. Eng./Civil (Geotechnical) Engineering/Cornell University, Ithaca, New York/1990

BS/Geology & Geophysics/ University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii/ 1989

Undergrad. Studies, Geological Engineering/ University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire/1982-1985

Undergrad. Studies, Mining Engineering/Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology/Butte, Montana/1980-1981

Professional Activities/Affiliations/Memberships

Member, United States Society on Dams (USSD), 2005 to present

Member, Association of State Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO), 2005 to present

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1990 to present

· National Technical Committee on Embankments, Dams and Slopes, Geo-Institute of ASCE, 1998-present

· Standards Committee for Inspection of Dams, Geo-Institute of ASCE, 2005 to present

· Chair, Sections and Branches Council, Geo-Institute of ASCE, 2001 to 2003

· Charter Member, Geo-Institute of ASCE National Professional Practice Council, 2001-2003

· Session Chair, Measured Performance of Slopes and Embankments, Amherst 2K - Geo-Institute National Specialty Conference on Performance Confirmation of Constructed Geotechnical Systems, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, April 9-12, 2000

Boston Society of Civil Engineers Section (BSCES) of ASCE

· President 2009 to 2010; President-Elect 2008 to 2009; Senior Vice President 2006 to 2008; Vice President 2004 to 2006; Secretary 2003

· Editorial Committee 2000 to Present and Co-Chair 2003 to 2005, Civil Engineering Practice, the Journal of BSCES

· Chair, Geotechnical Group, Boston Society of Civil Engineers Section (BSCES) of ASCE, 1999 to 2000

· BSCES Liaison to the Geo-Institute of ASCE, 1997 to 2000

Member, Cornell Engineering Alumni Association

Invited Lecturer, Civil Engineering Applications of Tire Shreds, On the Road Again Session, Buy Recycled and EPP Vendor Fair, October 26, 2000, Boxborough, Massachusetts

Invited Lecturer, Geotechnical Application of Tire Shreds, Workshop on Beneficial Uses of Scrap Tires in Engineering Applications, January 30 and March 21, 2002

Representative Project Experience

PILE DESIGN, VIBRATION, OBSERVATION and TESTING

RAILWAYS and TRANSIT

ROADWAYS, BRIDGES and VIADUCTS

HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY

AIRPORTS AND RELATED FACILITIES

EMBANKMENTS, DAMS and SLOPES

ROCK ENGINEERING

SCHOOLS, ARENAS, LIBRARIES and CIVIC CENTERS

SEISMIC DESIGN AND ENGINEERING STUDIES

EXISTING AND HISTORIC STRUCTURES

WATERFRONT AND RELATED PROJECT EXPERIENCE

BUILDINGS, PARKING STRUCTURES, DEVELOPMENTS, ETC.

INDUSTRIAL, ENERGY, PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS and REFINERIES

PIPELINES

ENVIRONMENTAL

PILE DESIGN, VIBRATION, OBSERVATION and TESTING

Vibration Monitoring, I-90 (Massachusetts Turnpike) Bridge Over I-290, Auburn, Massachusetts
- Principal Geotechnical Engineer and project Manager for evaluation of bridge vibrations caused by vehicle traffic. Measured vibrations using the Instantel, Inc., MiniMate Plus Seismograph (Part No. 716A0403, Serial No. BE8135) equipped with external geophone sensor (Part No. 714A0301, Serial No. BG7186) and operating Software version 4.33.

Value Engineering, Logan 2000 West Parking Garage, Logan International Airport, East Boston, Massachusetts – Project Engineer/Assistant Project Manager served as consultant to the contractor. Provided evaluation and negotiation of changes to the foundation design. Performed value-engineered redesign of deep foundations based on evaluation of axial and lateral load capacity of alternate foundation system. Assessed the potential for damage to adjacent concrete parking structure from vibrations and associated settlement induced by pile driving. As contractor’s representative, solicited MASSPORT (owner) to use value-engineered approach, which resulted in savings of about $500,000 to MASSPORT. The contractor realized similar financial benefits.

Chesapeake Bay Bridge/Tunnel Parallel Crossing, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia – Project Engineer that served as a consultant to the contractor during the pile driving hammer selection/test pile program using 54 and 48-inch precast prestressed concrete cylinder piles (hollow core). Assessed the potential for damage to adjacent two-story wood residential-type structures resulting from vibrations and associated settlement of granular soils induced by pile driving.

MASSPORT Logan Express Parking Garage, Framingham, Massachusetts – Principal-in-Charge and Geotechnical Project Manager/Designer for this large parking garage for the Massachusetts Port Authority (MASSPORT) Logan Express Site in Framingham, Massachusetts. The new structure will be 4-stories high and about 2-acres in footprint area, and capable of parking about 1200 cars. The construction will consist of precast concrete. Construction costs are estimated to be more than $15M. The site soils include un-engineered fills and loose, liquefaction-susceptible natural sands, as well as buried wood and other organics. Stephens Associates Consulting Engineers (SA) was retained to provide geotechnical design including site specific seismic analysis and detail analysis of resistance of substructure to lateral loads. Because of the poor site soils and the heavy loads imposed by the precast concrete superstructure and cars, SA recommended pile foundations.

Logan 2000 Terminal E - International Gateway, Logan International Airport, East Boston, Massachusetts – Project Engineer for the major renovations and expansions of terminal areas and upgrades to facilities including satellite plane docking facilities. Analyzed/designed several deep foundation alternatives, for both axial and lateral loading, by numerical methods (e.g., COM624 computer software).

MassHighway Bridge Over Stillwater River, Sterling, Massachusetts
- Principal Geotechnical Engineer and project Manager for evaluation of subsurface strata and existing substructure of this Massachusetts Highway Department (MassHighway) Bridge. MassHighway is evaluating replacing the bridge carrying Muddy Pond Road over the Stillwater River. Home of a gaging station operated by the United States Geological Survey, the bridge will be widened and the deck will be replaced to accommodate current standards. Stephens Associates was retained by the prime consultant to perform a geotechnical and seismic evaluation of the abutments by AASHTO Standards. View the bridge and check out USGS water flow data at: http://ma.water.usgs.gov/projects/Stillwater/stillwater.htm

Jointless Bridge Research, Vermont Agency of Transportation – Assistant Investigator for this primary and secondary research investigation on the performance of integral abutment bridges. SA was recently selected, as sub-consultant to is Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., a national engineering firm with an office in Andover, Massachusetts, to perform geotechnical and structural engineering research for the Vermont Agency of Transportation’s, Jointless Bridge Research Project. Mr. Stephens will manage SA’s portion of the work, and provide literature search and geotechnical instrumentation consultation and monitoring.

Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility, Somerville, Massachusetts – Project Engineer/Assistant Project Manager for a geological, geotechnical and environmental services for this eight-acre maintenance facility for MBTA and AMTRAK trains. The new facility replaced the old Boston Engine Terminal and was founded on more than 3,000 piles bearing in glacial deposits or rock. Provided owner representation during static and dynamic load testing, and periodic observation of production pile driving and soil contaminant characterization during sampling, excavation and disposal. Reviewed and advised owner regarding contractor submittals for static and dynamic pile load testing, excavation and disposal of contaminated soils, dewatering of contaminated groundwater, and related matters. Provided consultation on contaminated material management issues related to the disposal of more than 200,000 cubic yards of soil.

Bridge over the Sandy River, Farmington, Maine – Principal geotechnical designer served as a consultant to project designer and provided geotechnical design and consultation for this proposed 250-foot, 2 span bridge. The owner of the Bridge will be the Town of Farmington/Maine Department of Transportation. Evaluating subsurface conditions and designing foundations for this large bridge over a major waterway in Maine.

Bridge over the Androscoggin River, Bethel, Maine – Principal geotechnical designer served as a consultant to project designer and provided geotechnical design and consultation for this 400-foot, 3 span bridge. Foundations were designed as Steel H-piles (HP 14) driven to 60 feet deep at the river piers, to resist compression, uplift and lateral forces from ice loads. The owner of the Bridge will be the City of Bethel/Maine Department of Transportation. Evaluated subsurface conditions and designed foundations for this large bridge over a major waterway in Maine.

Logan 2000 Terminal Area Roadways, Logan International Airport, East Boston, Massachusetts - Project Engineer/Assistant Project Manager for major roadway renovations consisting of retained fill embankments, viaducts and at-grade roadways interfacing with the new Boston Central Artery/Tunnel Project. Analyzed and designed major retained-fill embankments for settlement using alternatives of ordinary fill, Lightweight Aggregate Fill, and Lightweight Foam Concrete Fill, as well as combinations of same. Analyzed/designed deep viaduct foundation alternatives, for both axial and lateral loading, by computer methods (e.g., COM624, etc.). Assisted management of large scale field investigation consisting of 16 borings to depths of up to 200 feet through deep marine clays overlain by peat, organic silt, sand and urban fill. Evaluated subsurface information for geotechnical design using new and existing borings. Reduced/evaluated laboratory data of samples taken from new borings.

Leo Palace Resort Complex, Manenggon Hills, Guam – Staff Engineer/Geologist for the largest privately funded project ever undertaken by Dames & Moore. Seismic/typhoon resistant design/build of this 1,300-acre resort complex included 3,000 condominiums, large “world class” hotel with water park, and five 9-hole golf courses and a major public access road with bridges, sloped and/or retained cuts and embankments. Site conditions consisted of soft residual cohesive soils, sapprolites, and weathered volcanic and carbonate (coral reef) bedrock. Analyzed and designed slopes and embankments, for more than 80 cofferdams and major fill embankments, including several exceeding 100 feet in height. Analyzed or supervised analysis, for internal and external stability, of more than 100 major retaining walls, using hand calculation and computer analysis. Performed computer analysis for lateral loading of pile foundations for bridge piers, abutments and retaining walls. Evaluated earth properties by geophysical methods including seismic refraction techniques. Supervised and performed large-scale geologic investigations along alignment of a 2-mile-long access road through the jungle, including mapping and evaluation of rock quality for slope cuts and for reuse of excavate. During construction, supervised and inspected construction of major fill embankments and slopes, including the use of crushed rock drainage layers, soil blending and layering, and geotextiles. Performed some analyses on site as required during construction to address issues as they became evident in the field.

New Radar Air Traffic Control Tower/Facility, Brunswick Naval Air Station, Brunswick, Maine
Performing geotechnical engineering for the new 7-story radar air traffic control facility for the United States Navy. Devised and managed subsurface explorations consisting of 7 soil borings and associated rock coring for evaluation of strata for foundation support of the structure.

MASSPORT Airfield Lighting Vault, Logan International Airport, East Boston, Massachusetts – Principal-in-Charge and Geotechnical Project Manager/Designer for the Massachusetts Port Authority (MASSPORT) Addition to the Airfield Lighting Vault at Logan International Airport. The new structure will be about 60 percent as large as the existing field lighting vault, and with electrical equipment will cost more than $3M to construct. The site soils include un-engineered hydraulically filled loose, liquefaction-susceptible natural sands, organic silt and peat overlying glacial till. Stephens Associates Consulting Engineers (SA) was retained to provide geotechnical and structural design of foundations. Because of the poor site soils and the fact that the existing structure is pile supported, SA designed pile foundations.

Terminal B Expansion, Logan International Airport, East Boston, Massachusetts – Senior Technical Reviewer for geotechnical investigation to construct a 300,000 square-foot, airside expansion of Terminal B. Foundation conditions consist of up to 20 feet of granular fill overlying about 20 feet of organic silt and peat, overlying Boston Blue Clay to a depth of up to 100 feet. Underlying the Boston Blue Clay is till overlying Cambridge Argillite. Recommended foundation design alternatives for the $200,000,000 expansion.

Jet Fuel Pipe Trestle, United Airlines, San Francisco International Airport, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for this pipe trestle, including computer analysis and design of axially loaded piles.

Metals Removal Plant, United Airlines, San Francisco International Airport, California – Staff Engineer for the geotechnical and environmental (soil and groundwater) study for new metals removal plant, which removes heavy metals from industrial solvents used in airline industry. Geotechnical engineering included computer analysis and design of axially and laterally loaded piles.

New Portsmouth Public Library Project, Portsmouth, New Hampshire – Principal Geotechnical Engineer/Project Manager for initial and supplemental geotechnical engineering design. Performed explorations to evaluated subsurface conditions. Recommended and designed pile foundations for this 36,000-square-foot building footprint underlain by poor fill, organic soils (peat, etc.) and marine clay over glacial till and bedrock. During construction, organic materials were detected in the soils underlying the proposed slab-on-grade. SA expedited recommendations for redesign of the slab to be pile-supported. The structure is near completion, supported on about 300 steel h-piles.

Library Additions, Newbury College, Brookline, Massachusetts – Served as Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for a three-story above and one below grade addition to the existing Academic Center. Performed geotechnical investigation, including report of design and construction recommendations. Also provided field services during construction. The deep basement required underpinning of the existing structures.

New Library and Math/Science Buildings, Governor Dummer Academy, Byfield, Massachusetts – Served as Project Engineer for two large buildings consisting of a three-story Library Building and a three-story Math/Science Center. Performed geotechnical investigation, including report of design and construction recommendations. Also provided periodic field observation and consultation during construction. Structures were separated by about 600 feet, and had different foundation conditions. The Library Building consisted of a three-story building with basement below the water table in relatively soft clays. Temporary and permanent control of groundwater and settlement of the building on the compressible clays were of primary concern. The Math/Science Center was a three-story structure founded on rock where excavatability was of primary concern.

Cathedral School for Boys and Grace Cathedral Close Alterations Project, Nob Hill, San Francisco, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for a large addition to an existing architectural concrete cathedral. Additions consisted of a deep underground parking garage excavated 47 feet into highly weathered Franciscan Shale, and capped by a three-story steel-frame office building. Performed geotechnical investigation, design, contractor selection and site services during construction. Contractor selection included assisting the owner with interviewing and selecting the shoring and underpinning contractor. Services during construction included observation and/or testing of underpinning and excavation support, excavation and fill quantities, fill compaction, preparation of footing subgrades in rock, and geotechnical aspects of plumbing and drainage construction, as well as technical consultation on construction-related issues.

Old North Wharf Berthing Pier, Nantucket, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Engineer for evaluation of geotechnical conditions and pile foundation options for new pier capable of berthing two 140-foot yachts. Site is located on the west shore of Nantucket Island between Steamship Authority and Straight Wharf.

California State University, Seismic Retrofit of Parking Structure, San Francisco, California – Staff Engineer for the seismic upgrade of a four-story parking garage founded on loose sands. Performed foundation investigation, including soil borings and in situ testing by piezocone penetrometer. Assessed area geology for seismic hazard potential.

Target Store Settlement Studies, Novato, California – Project Engineer for this forensic engineering study for a major national department store, constructed on deep deposits of soft marine clays. Structure was experiencing significant settlement during and after construction, resulting in more than two inches of differential settlement in 12 months. Performed field supervision of subsurface explorations and installation of geotechnical instrumentation including pneumatic piezometers and observation wells. Performed regular, periodic field data collection of instrumentation readings including piezometers, and two and three dimensional crack meters. Performed computer data management, reduction and interpretation of instrumentation data, and survey data (collected by others). Prepared 9 major factual reports of findings.

Leo Palace Resort Complex, Manenggon Hills, Guam – Staff Engineer/Geologist for the largest privately funded project ever undertaken by Dames & Moore. Seismic/typhoon resistant design/build of this 1,300-acre resort complex included 3,000 condominiums, large “world class” hotel with water park, and five 9-hole golf courses and a major public access road with bridges, sloped and/or retained cuts and embankments. Site conditions consisted of soft residual cohesive soils, sapprolites, and weathered volcanic and carbonate (coral reef) bedrock. Analyzed and designed slopes and embankments, for more than 80 cofferdams and major fill embankments, including several exceeding 100 feet in height. Analyzed or supervised analysis, for internal and external stability, of more than 100 major retaining walls, using hand calculation and computer analysis. Performed computer analysis for lateral loading of pile foundations for bridge piers, abutments and retaining walls. Supervised and performed large-scale geologic investigations along alignment of a 2-mile-long access road through the jungle, including mapping and evaluation of rock quality for slope cuts and for reuse of excavate. During construction, supervised and inspected construction of major fill embankments and slopes, including the use of crushed rock drainage layers, soil blending and layering, and geotextiles. Performed some analyses on site as required during construction to address issues as they became evident in the field.

The New Meadows at Dover, Dover New Hampshire – Senior Technical Reviewer for geotechnical engineering of these 13 three-story, wood frame apartment buildings and associated parking lots. Geotechnical services included 12 exploratory borings, laboratory testing, and geotechnical analysis and design. Site conditions included the presence of soft, compressible clays and liquefaction-prone sands. Recommended design alternatives included spread footings, rigid, structural mat foundations, and timber piles.

New Water Pumping and Treatment Facility, Connecticut Water Company, Enfield Connecticut – Principal Geotechnical Engineer and project manager for Connecticut Water Company’s proposed water supply groundwater pumping and treatment facility. The new facility will include a two-story pumping and treatment building and two 84-foot-diameter, 500,000 gallon storage tanks (Clearwells). Construction costs are estimated to be about $1M. Stephens Associates Consulting Engineers (SA) was retained by the prime engineering consultant to provide geotechnical design for the new facilities. SA’s investigation revealed the presence of soft clays beneath the Clearwells, and designed a load-compensated (“floated”) foundation system to reduce differential settlement while saving substantial construction costs over a deep foundation alternative.

Logan 2000 Fuel Farm, Logan International Airport, East Boston, Massachusetts – Project Engineer of four, 80-foot diameter storage tanks providing analysis of the ring wall foundation system for lateral loading and prepared construction specifications for pipe-pile installation.

Large Chemical Storage Tanks, United Airlines, San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco, California – Staff Engineer providing analysis and design of pile foundations for axial and lateral loading using numerical modeling with LPILE software.

Utility Bridge, MBTA Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility, Somerville, Massachusetts – Principal in Charge of geotechnical Engineering for the 800-foot-long utility bridge carrying 7 hazardous materials from the CRMF to storage before disposal. Recommended piles to support bridge towers.

RAILWAYS and TRANSIT

Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority (MVRTA) Transportation Center, Amesbury, Massachusetts –

Principal Geotechnical Engineer/Project Manager for new MVRTA Transportation Center. Oversaw geotechnical subsurface exploration program through foundation design recommendations for foundation support, including recommendations for deep foundations to mitigate structure settlement over peat.

Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority (MVRTA) Transportation Center, Haverhill, Massachusetts –

Principal Geotechnical Engineer for new MVRTA Transportation Center at urban site in close proximity to existing multi-story structures. Mr. Stephens will oversee geotechnical subsurface exploration program through foundation design recommendations for foundation support, including recommendations for earth support in consideration of existing adjacent structures.

Brockton Area Transportation Authority (BAT) Multimodal Centre Parking Garage, Brockton, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Designer and Project Manager for this new 1-acre, 2-story parking structure designed for future expansion to 3 stories.

Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) Orient Heights Station Renovations, East Boston, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Engineer for ADA renovations and other upgrades to existing Station. Mr. Stephens oversaw geotechncial subsurface exploration program through recommendations for foundation support and seismic interaction with ground and existing structures.

Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) Science Park Station Renovations, Boston, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Engineer/Project Manager for ADA renovations and other upgrades to existing historic Subway Station. Oversaw subsurface exploration program for four excavations through preliminary design of excavation support and final design recommendations for foundation support and seismic interaction with ground and existing structures including the Central Artery/Tunnel Project.

Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) Leak Detection Modifications, Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility, Somerville, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Engineer/ Project Manager for this elevated pipeline at the maintenance facility for MBTA and AMTRAK trains. Overseeing owner representation during dynamic load testing and periodic observation of production pile driving, and is responsible for consultation to owner and review of contractor submittals for static and dynamic pile load testing, foundation installation and related matters.

MBTA Commuter Rail Extension/Restoration, Ipswich to Newburyport, Massachusetts – Project Engineer/Assistant Project Manager working as consultant to project designer, provided geotechnical design and consultation for about 10 miles of railroad restoration/extension. Planned and coordinated exploration program to assess foundation support for two existing bridges carrying Route 1A over the railroad right-of-way in Rowley. Evaluated extent of scour protection for MBTA Railroad Bridge over the Parker River in Newbury. Evaluated bedrock elevations in proposed station parking area. Designed and oversaw construction of rock bolting and shotcrete facing of bedrock abutment foundation supporting the Kents Island access road bridge over the MBTA right-of-way. Assisted in evaluation of existing runoff drainage system for impacts of new construction in Ipswich, Rowley, and Newburyport. Performed geotechnical engineering analyses to estimate settlement at proposed layover facility. Performed geotechnical investigation, laboratory testing and reported results and recommendations for proposed Newburyport Station, including design of compensated (load-balanced) foundation on lightweight foam concrete fill (LFCF) to reduce settlement.

MBTA Bridge Evaluations, Newton, Massachusetts - Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer served as a consultant to project designer and provided geotechnical design and consultation. Evaluated subsurface conditions for foundation support for three MBTA-owned automobile bridges supporting busy city streets over the MBTA right-of-way. Using historical information and subsurface investigation, assessed extent of existing foundations and quality of supporting strata. Evaluated existing abutments for earth and hydrostatic loading.

Brockton Area Transit Authority (BAT) Parking Garage, Brockton, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Designer and Project Manager for BAT’s new parking Garage. The new garage will be about one acre in footprint, and is being designed for up to 3 stories of parking. Devised and oversaw soil/rock borings for evaluation of excavation effort and foundation support.

Embankment Stability Evaluation, Clarendon & Pittsford Railroad, Hampton, New York – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for evaluation and mitigation of the causes of movements for a 100-year-old railroad embankment. Analyses indicated that the slope was stable under existing static conditions, but was marginally unstable under transient train loads. Performed design of alternatives, including constructing a replacement embankment and stabilizing the embankment soils using gabions, soil/cement columns, lime/cement columns and other soil stabilization techniques.

Foundation Investigations for Ammonia Storage Tanks, Chevron Oil Company, Richmond, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for the geotechnical engineering of these 80-foot-long “bullet” type tanks. Performed borings, laboratory testing, data interpretation, axial and lateral analysis of pile foundation alternatives by numerical methods. Reported findings and recommendations.

ROADWAYS, BRIDGES and VIADUCTS

Wiswall Road Bridge over Lamprey River, Durham, New Hampshire – Principal-in-Charge of this preliminary geotechnical engineering study for replacement of the failed Wiswall Road Bridge. The bridge failed during flooding on May 16, 2006. During flooding, SA took water elevations at the bridge for its nearby Wiswall Dam engineering studies. Once the failure occurred, and the NHDOT agreed to replace the bridge with a temporary one, SA recommended preliminary geotechnical engineering of the existing bridge prior to replacement with the temporary bridge. SA performed this engineering under supervision of Mr. Stephens.

Pelham Street Bridge over Second Brook, Hudson, NH – Principal Geotechnical Engineer on this replacement of the downstream retaining wall of this town-owned bridge. SA’s services included the geotechnical exploration, consultation and design recommendations. SA worked as geotechnical subconsultant to Prime on this bridge project owned by the Town of Hudson. The existing bridge downstream retaining wall is in poor condition and in need of replacement. The bridge is used to confine flows during high water to provide staging for flood control. SA’s technical approach is to design the wall to resist loading from seepage forces during the design flood.

40 Green Street/Rte 117/Rte 20 Interchange over I-95 in Waltham, Massachusetts – Geotechnical Principal-in-charge of this comprehensive addition of a new interchange with a bridge, approaches, connecting roadways, a large retail development.

City of Beverly, Norwood Pond/Otis Road Interchange Reconstruction, Beverly, Massachusetts – Geotechnical Principal-in-charge of this comprehensive interchange reconstruction including a new bridge extending Otis Road over the Route 128 freeway, approaches, and connecting roadways.

Bridge over the Merrimack River, Newburyport, Massachusetts – As Geotechnical Consultant to bridge designer provided geotechnical consultation for this large, four-lane bridge carrying US Route 1 over the Merrimack River in Newburyport. Evaluated engineering properties of bedrock and consulted with designer on parameters for abutment and pier foundations on bedrock.

Flint’s Bridge carrying Monument Street over the Concord River, Concord, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Engineer for bridge rehabilitation/retrofit of this historic stone masonry bridge. Mr. Stephens led geotechnical efforts to explore interior of bridge piers and foundation materials for evaluation of bridge substructure to resist a sizably upgraded loading. Rehabilitation/retrofit was devised as Cintec Archtec Stone Masonry reinforcement/repair.

Whitehead Road Bridge over tidal inlet, Cohasset Harbor, Cohasset, MA – Principal Geotechnical Engineer for bridge replacement of a concrete arch bridge determined structurally inadequate to resist anticipated loads from emergency and construction equipment. The Project involved design for the replacement of a one-lane concrete arch bridge spanning about 56 feet over the tidal inlet separating Whitehead, 100 Whitehead Road, Cohasset from the mainland. The new permanent replacement bridge is located on approximately the same footprint as the existing bridge. The bridge structure consists of a precast prestressed concrete arch designed for AASHTO HS-25 vehicular loading. Construction of a new mansion at 100 Whitehead Road will occur before replacement of the bridge, and therefore, a Temporary Bridge was constructed over the existing bridge. The Temporary Bridge consists of steel trusses and beams. Up to about 3 feet of fill was placed over the existing abutments and approaches to increase the existing road elevation to meet the Temporary Bridge deck.

Bradford Street Bridge, Derry, NH – Principal Geotechnical Engineer on this replacement bridge. SA’s services included the geotechnical exploration, consultation and design recommendations. SA worked as geotechnical subconsultant to Prime on this bridge project owned by the Town of Derry, but funded by the State of New Hampshire Department of Transportation. The proposed project involves replacement of four 2 1/2-foot-diameter culverts carrying West Running Brook (aka Tributary G) under Bradford Street in Derry, New Hampshire. The replacement bridge consists of a 3-sided precast concrete frame with wing (training) walls on each side of the opening. The bottom channel will consist of stone fill at least 2 ft. thick. The opening will be about 20 ft. wide and 5 ft. tall. The road surface elevation will be similar to the existing conditions. The 3-sided concrete frame and wing-walls will be founded on shallow spread footings. SA’s recommendation that the bridge abutments be supported on spread footings saved the Owner, the Town of Derry and NHDOT, significant costs during construction.

Long Hill Road/New Rochester Road Intersection, Dover, NH – Principal Geotechnical Engineer for upgrades to major intersection. Evaluated subsurface conditions through geologic map reconnaissance and subsurface explorations for design of traffic signal poles, and evaluated subsurface conditions at locations of underground drainage structures. Provided geotechnical design recommendations meeting the requirements of NHDOT standard specifications for traffic signal poles.

Central and Library Street Intersection, Hudson, NH – Principal Geotechnical Engineer for upgrades to major intersection. Evaluated subsurface conditions through geologic map reconnaissance and subsurface explorations for design of traffic signal poles, and evaluated subsurface conditions at locations of underground drainage structures. Provided geotechnical design recommendations meeting the requirements of NHDOT standard specifications for traffic signal poles.

Blackstone Gateway River Walk Project, Phase I - Project consisted of a proposed river walk in this city park. Mr. Stephens served as Principal Geotechnical Engineer for pedestrian bridge crossing Middle River (aka Blackstone River), a wood boardwalk crossing wetlands, and three elevated observation platforms adjacent to an existing retaining wall. Geotechnical explorations performed using ATV-mounted drill rig and platform at edge of existing retaining wall to allow exploration of subsurface conditions in wetlands while minimizing impact. A tripod drill rig was also used to access a remote section of the wetlands.

MBTA Bridge Evaluations, Newton, Massachusetts - Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer served as a consultant to project designer and provided geotechnical design and consultation. Evaluated foundation support for three Metropolitan District Commission (MBTA)-owned automobile bridges over the MBTA right-of-way. Using historical information and subsurface investigation, evaluated extent of existing foundations and quality of supporting soils. Evaluated existing abutments for earth and hydrostatic loading.

Roadway Embankment Reconstruction using Shredded Tires, Massachusetts – Principal-in-charge for first ever design and study of reconstruction of a roadway using tire shreds as lightweight and structural fill in Massachusetts. Stephens Associates Consulting Engineers (SA) was retained by the civil engineer, at the request of the Town of Tewksbury, to provide a value-engineered redesign of the first-ever use of tire shreds as lightweight fill in a roadway embankment in Massachusetts. The Town has experienced problems with Livingston Street for more than 40 years. The roadway traverses a wetland underlain by organic silt and peat. It was reconstructed in the late 1970’s, but the Town has applied 7 to 8 overlays to various portions of this section since then. Significant portions of the existing roadway embankment are petroleum-contaminated. SA recommended the use of tire shreds as lightweight roadway embankment fill and provided environmental guidance in addressing the petroleum contamination. SA designed the tire-shred-fill embankment. The Roadway reconstruction is funded under MassHighway Chapter 90. The Town received approval from MassHighway to use those funds with this unique solution. The Contractor’s bid for the total reconstruction was about $500,000. The savings to the Town by using the tire shreds as lightweight fill are estimated to be more than $150,000. The construction will provide for the beneficial use of about 250,000 scrap tires.

FHWA/MHD Funded Research on Roadway Embankment Reconstruction using Shredded Tires, Massachusetts - At the request of MassHighway, SA submitted a proposal for research funding from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for the study of pre- and post-construction performance of the reconstructed roadway embankment. The research budget is more than $120,000. SA received the funding from MassHighway and FHWA to perform the research. Research objectives include predicting and measuring pre- and post-construction behavior of organic foundation soils, embankment materials and pavement. The project includes an exhaustive literature search, extensive exploration, laboratory testing and geotechnical instrumentation plans, geotechnical instrument installation (e.g. vibrating wire piezometers, multiple (4) position) Borros Point extensometers, inclinometers, etc.), detailed finite element modeling using PLAXIS Finite Element Code for Soil and Rock Analysis, and roadway performance monitoring over 2 years. Deliverables include a final report summarizing research results and providing Standard Design Details and Construction Specifications for future use of tire shreds as lightweight fill.

Bolivar Pond Dam, Canton Massachusetts – In March 2004 the upstream stone masonry face of this retained earth embankment dam failed along about ¼ of its length. The dam crest is Bolivar Pond Road and is subjected to heavy traffic, including truck traffic from the nearby Department of Public Works. Mr. Stephens is Principal-in-charge for emergency response, and for the ensuing Phase I dam safety evaluation by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) guidelines, including inspection, seismic safety (stability) evaluation, hydraulic and hydrologic (H&H) study, design of repairs and modifications, preparation of Emergency Action Plan and Operation and Maintenance Plan for this Intermediate Sized, Significant Hazard dam. Mr. Stephens routinely met with town officials and liaised between the Town of Canton and the Massachusetts Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Dam Safety.

Greenough Pond Dam Rehabilitation, Carlisle, Massachusetts - Principal-in-Charge for inspection, engineering evaluation, design and implementation of rehabilitation for this Intermediate-sized embankment dam with concrete bridge-type outlet structures carrying the access road to Town-owned property. Mr. Stephens is Principal-in-charge for response to Massachusetts Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Dam Safety (ODS), and for the ensuing inspection, hydraulic and hydrologic (H&H) study, design of repairs and modifications, preparation of Operation and Maintenance Plan. Mr. Stephens prepared presentations and presented various analytical and design options at 6 town conservation meetings, and liaised between the Town of Carlisle and ODS.

HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY

Wiswall Road Bridge, Durham, NH – Principal-in-Charge, Project Manager and Engineer of Record for geotechnical, hydrology and hydraulics for replacement of this failed, two span, historic bridge over a major wild and scenic river in New Hampshire. Authored geotechnical report for replacement of a single lane bridge consisting of two spans separated by a center island with a single span bridge 130 ft. long. Supervised evaluation of flood discharge using regression analyses of USGS stream gage data downstream of the bridge for various return frequencies. Supervised hydraulics and hydrology analyses to evaluate 50-, 100-, and 500-year flood flows and elevations at the bridge and recommend a bridge hydraulic opening and low chord elevation. Measured flood elevations during floods in 2006 and 2007 and used measurements to calibrate hydrologic and hydraulic computer models. Supervised analyses in conjunction with, and in consideration of, SA’s work on Wiswall Dam, about 200 ft. downstream of the bridge, the hydraulic characteristics of which significantly affect hydraulics of the proposed bridge.

Pelham Road Retaining Wall and Culvert, Hudson, NH – Principal-in-Charge, Project Manager and Engineer of Record for geotechnical, hydrologic and hydraulic evaluation and repair/replacement of this deteriorated, 17-foot-high, retained-earth embankment dam/culvert carrying Pelham Road over Second Brook. Supervised evaluation of subsurface conditions and conceptual repair/replacement options. During flooding, the existing embankment acts like a dam, impounding water, and results in overtopping of the road. Considered measures to account for internal seepage and overtopping that jeopardize embankment stability, and developed conceptual repair options including concrete gravity and tie-back walls, an earth embankment, and a gabion wall. Estimated construction cost of the conceptual repair options. Assisted the Owner in responding to subsequent NH DES orders to evaluate and register the structure as a dam. Inspected condition of the dam/retaining wall/embankment, downstream river characteristics, and hydraulic characteristics of two downstream road culverts for use in evaluating hydraulics and hydrology. Performed dam breach analysis and inundation mapping, as ordered by NH DES, to evaluate dam hazard classification. Performing further hydraulics and hydrology analyses to evaluate potential benefits of the dam/embankment for flood control, if any, to assist the Owner in electing to replace the dam with a bridge, and to size a possible replacement bridge opening dimensions and bottom chord elevation

Massapoag Brook Culverts Hydraulic Inspections, Sharon and Canton, MA – Inspected five road culverts on Massapoag Brook in evaluation of hydraulics and hydrology for multiple dams. Documented culvert geometry, dimensions, vegetation, and streambed characteristics for hydraulics and scour.

Shepard Pond Dam Phase II Inspection & Evaluation, Canton, MA – Principal-in-Charge, Project Manager and Engineer of Record for evaluation of this Town-owned, Significant Hazard, Intermediate Size Dam in Poor condition. Supervisor of MA DCR Phase II inspection and evaluation, design of repairs, and preparation of emergency action plan for. Performed two semi-annual, state required follow-up inspections for poor condition dams and reported results. Supervised collection of available engineering data and inspected upstream dams in drainage system for evaluation of hydraulic characteristics as input to hydraulic and hydrologic analyses of Shepard Pond Dam. Supervisor H&H analyses of design flood flows and elevation to evaluate spillway capacity and for input to stability analyses. Supervised stability analyses and design of repairs.

Greenough Pond Dam Rehabilitation, Carlisle, MA – Principal-in-Charge, Project Manager and Engineer of Record for engineering evaluation, design and implementation of rehabilitation for this Intermediate-sized embankment dam with concrete bridge-type outlet structures carrying the access road to Town-owned property. Evaluated hydraulics and hydrology. Designed repairs and modifications, including spillway replacement, and assisted in design of bridges over the spillways. Prepared Operation and Maintenance Plan for Dam.

Bolivar Pond Dam, Canton, MA – In March 2004 the upstream stone masonry face of this 160-ft. long, 12-ft. high retained-earth embankment dam failed along about ¼ of its length. The Dam is classified as Intermediate Size, Significant Hazard and was originally constructed circa 1850 to power the Ames Shovel Shop, which formed/retained the downstream face of the dam. The dam crest is Bolivar Pond Road and is subjected to heavy traffic, including truck traffic from the nearby Department of Public Works. Mr. Stephens was Principal-in-Charge, Project Manager and Engineer of Record for the Phase I dam safety evaluation by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) guidelines, including inspection, seismic safety evaluation, and hydraulic and hydrologic study. Mr. Stephens designed repairs and modifications to the upstream and downstream faces, spillway and auxiliary outlet, prepared technical specifications, and prepared the Massachusetts Office of Dam Safety Chapter 253 Permit Application. He supervised estimation of construction costs, prepared the Emergency Action Plan including dam breach analysis and inundation mapping, and assisted the Town with preparation of an Operation and Maintenance Plan. During construction, assisted the Town Engineer in providing construction oversight for conformance with the design drawings and specifications.

AIRPORTS AND RELATED FACILITIES

New Medical Facility, US Coast Guard Air Station, Humbolt Bay, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for this detailed study on this critical facility. Lead team of engineering geologists to evaluate seismic safety, geotechnical suitability, and hazardous materials in ground and in existing structures. Performed a deep exploratory trench to evaluate historic seismically generated ground displacements. Prepared detailed map of the trench. Performed exploratory borings and test pits to evaluate geotechnical and environmental issues. Prepared several detailed design reports on the results of our investigations.

EMBANKMENTS, DAMS and SLOPES

FHWA/MHD Funded Research on Roadway Embankment Reconstruction using Shredded Tires, Massachusetts – Principal Investigator for this joint research study. At the request of MassHighway, SA submitted a proposal for research funding from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for the study of pre- and post-construction performance of the reconstructed roadway embankment. The research budget is more than $120,000. SA received financial support from MassHighway and FHWA to perform the research. Research objectives include predicting and measuring pre- and post-construction behavior of organic foundation soils, embankment materials and pavement. The project includes an exhaustive literature search, extensive exploration, laboratory testing and geotechnical instrumentation plans, geotechnical instrument installation (e.g. vibrating wire piezometers, multiple (4) position) Borros Point extensometers, inclinometers, etc.), detailed finite element modeling using PLAXIS Finite Element Code for Soil and Rock Analysis, and roadway performance monitoring over 2 years. Deliverables include a final report summarizing research results and providing Standard Design Details and Construction Specifications for future use of tire shreds as lightweight fill.

Shepard Pond Dam, aka Washington Street Dam, Canton, MA – Principal Engineer-in-Charge and project manager for MA DCR Phase I inspection and evaluation of this Significant Hazard, 22-foot high, 140-foot long, retained earth embankment dam, formerly used for mill operations. A portion of the vegetated crest and downstream stone masonry wall failed by overtopped during flooding in June 2006. Flow over the concrete spillway passes beneath Washington Street, about 50 ft. downstream of the Dam, the culvert of which constricts flow during flooding. The flow continues through a channel into Silk Mill Pond. Developed repair options and estimated associated costs. Performed state required follow-up inspection. Design of future repairs is in progress.

Old Shepard Street Dam, aka Third Pond Dam or Silk Mill Pond Dam, Canton, MA – As Principal Engineer-in-Charge and project manager, inspected this Significant Hazard, retained earth embankment dam, downstream of Shepard Pond Dam, in response to a Dam Safety Order from Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, Office of Dam Safety (MA DCR ODS), and prepared a Phase I Inspection Report in accordance with MA DCR ODS guidelines. This dam, which previously controlled water for mill power, is about 450 ft. long. The spillway is built in to a bridge carrying Old Shepard Street over Massapoag Brook. Structural height is about 15 ft.

Bolivar Pond Dam, Canton Massachusetts – In March 2004 the upstream stone masonry face of this retained earth embankment dam failed along about ¼ of its length. The dam crest is Bolivar Pond Road and is subjected to heavy traffic, including truck traffic from the nearby Department of Public Works. Mr. Stephens was Principal-in-charge for emergency response, and for the ensuing Phase I dam safety evaluation by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) guidelines, including inspection, seismic safety (stability) evaluation, hydraulic and hydrologic (H&H) study, design of repairs and modifications, preparation of Emergency Action Plan and Operation and Maintenance Plan for this Intermediate Sized, Significant Hazard dam. Mr. Stephens routinely met with town officials and liaised between the Town of Canton and the Massachusetts Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Dam Safety.

Forge Pond Dam, Canton, MA – As Principal Engineer-in-Charge and project manager, inspected and prepared a MA DCR ODS Phase I inspection report for this High Hazard, concrete gravity dam, just upstream of the Canton town center, and downstream of Bolivar Pond Dam, Shepard Pond Dam, and Old Shepard Street Dam, listed above. Evaluated existing data and recommended lowering hazard classification based on previous flow data, Site and map reconnaissance, and judgment of downstream hazard potential. Reduction of hazard classification saved the Owner significant costs in future analyses for Phase II inspection, dam breach analysis and inundation mapping, which were not needed for a lower hazard classification and were unnecessary for this Dam.

Pelham Road Dam, Hudson, NH – Assisted the Owner in responding to NH DES orders to evaluate and register this 20-ft. high road culvert/Significant Hazard Dam that impounds water and overtops during flooding. Performed hydrology and hydraulics (H&H) analyses, dam breach analysis and inundation mapping. Inspected dam and performed subsurface explorations. Prepared conceptual designs for repairs and cost estimates.

Wiswall Dam, Durham, New Hampshire – The Town of Durham, New Hampshire owns and operates this Dam for Water Supply and recreation. Mr. Stephens is Principal-in-charge of Phase I dam safety evaluation by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) guidelines, including inspection, seismic safety (stability) evaluation, hydraulic and hydrologic (H&H) study, design of repairs and modifications, preparation of Emergency Action Plan and Operation and Maintenance Plan for this Class B, Significant Hazard dam.

Dead Cambridge River Barrier, State of Maine, Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife – In 2004, in response media attention to conservation efforts by State of Maine, Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (MDEFW), Trout Unlimited and Orvis Mr. Stephens offered services, on a pro bono basis, to assist these organizations and others to find methods to preserve Maine's legendary Rapid River Drainage area, one of the last rivers to hold a truly wild strain of trophy brook trout in the United States. The population of brook trout is direly threatened by invasive smallmouth bass. Mr. Stephens is collaborating with the MDIFW to design a river obstacle, such as a dam, to resist migration of the smallmouth bass from the Rapid River to C Pond through the Dead Cambridge River.

Emergency Action Plan, Town of Wolfeboro Wastewater Treatment Plant Storage Reservoir Dike, Wolfeboro, New Hampshire - Project Manager and primary author for preparation of a detailed emergency action plan for a 40 ft.-high crescent-shaped earth embankment dam classified as Intermediate Sized, Significant Hazard Potential (Class B). Using inundation mapping resulting from dam break analysis, worked with town officials, state police and New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services - Dam Bureau personnel to address issues of concern and complete the emergency action plan.

Old Berkshire Mill Dam Safety Evaluation, Crane & Company, Dalton, Massachusetts – As Project Engineer, performed static and seismic evaluation of an existing 15 foot high, 80-foot long concrete gravity dam. Performed analyses for dam performance under normal, flood and rapid drawdown pool conditions based on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management dam safety regulations criteria.

Safety Evaluation, Middlesex Hydro Station, Green Mountain Power, Winooski River, Vermont – Performed detailed field survey including video recording of cracks in large hydro-electric concrete dam and appurtenances. Surveyed local geology for assessment of geologic effects of blast vibrations associated with rock excavation for a nearby Vermont Agency of Transportation (VAOT) highway widening project.

Byron-Weston Mill Dam No. 1 Safety Evaluation, Crane & Company, Dalton, Massachusetts – As Project Engineer, performed static and seismic evaluation of an existing 30-foot high, 120-foot long rock masonry dam. Performed analyses for dam performance under normal, flood and rapid drawdown pool conditions based on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management dam safety regulations criteria.

Goose Pond Dam Evaluation, Tyringham, Massachusetts – As Project Engineer, performed static and seismic stability evaluation of a 33-foot high, 285-foot long earth dam for existing and alternative configurations. Performed analyses for dam performance under normal, flood and rapid drawdown pool conditions based on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management dam safety regulations criteria.

Hartford Reservoir No. 2 Dam Safety Evaluation, West Hartford, Connecticut – Project Engineer for the evaluation of static and seismic stability of a 1,200-foot long, 42-foot high earth dam for existing and proposed reservoir levels and configurations based on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers criteria.

Seismic Safety Evaluation, Hidden Dam, California – Staff Engineer, working in conjunction with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), reconnoitered site for field geotechnical investigation for the seismic safety evaluation of this 30-year old, 180-foot high and ¼ mile long dam. Performed civil design of expedient access roads for subsurface and in-situ exploration equipment. Reviewed construction documents and met with engineer involved in dam construction to assess potential for liquefaction of foundation soils left in place.

Seismic Safety Evaluation, Success Dam, California – Staff Engineer, working in conjunction with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), reconnoitered site and planned for field investigation and planning for this 150-foot high, ½ mile long, rockfill dam. Assisted COE in planning the exploration program for assessment of seismic parameters for analysis.

Kansas Power and Light Dam Failure Investigation – As a staff engineer for the forensic slope stability analyses of a 150-foot high clay-core earth dam, evaluated stability of staged construction and assessed seismic stability of dam repairs by numerical methods.

River Levees Gas Transmission Pipeline Relocation, Pacific Gas & Electric Company, Sacramento River Delta, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for construction feasibility analysis for the relocation of gas transmission pipeline river crossings. Alternatives included cut-and-cover (dredging), pipe jacking and horizontal drilling installation methods through 25-foot high river levees and soft sediments. Evaluated protective measures for scour/hooking protection of pipeline.

Chemical Containment Pond Dike Studies, ChevChem Corporation, Richmond, California – Staff Engineer for the proposed expansion of pond depth/area, provided analysis of seismic and static stability of chemical processing/evaporation pond containment dikes by numerical methods. Existing dikes were 15 to 20 feet high, several hundred feet long and were built on very soft clay foundations. Dikes were evaluated for minimum factors of safety of 1.5 and 1.2 for static and seismic stability, respectively.

Forensic Evaluation, Failed Stone Revetment/Slope, Portsmouth, Rhode Island – As Principal Investigator/Expert Witness, evaluated cause of failure of a stone revetment supported/protected slope on the Sakonnet River, Portsmouth, Rhode Island. Slope was about 40 feet high. River was in coastal zone and affected by tidal fluctuations.

Engineering Geology of Private Property, Salem, Massachusetts – Principal Engineering Geologist/Project Manager for evaluation failing of rock slope at residential property. Evaluated initial design and construction. Recommended remedial action alternatives. Designer of interim and final remedial measures for rock slope repairs to reduce risk of failure/rock fall.

Dartmouth College Tennis Facility, Hanover, New Hampshire – Principal-in-charge, as a subcontract to the design engineer, provided geotechnical engineering of embankment preload for mitigation of primary consolidation settlement for this settlement-sensitive structure. Reduced and evaluated embankment preload data to determine when preload embankment should be removed. Evaluated completion of primary consolidation settlement of the embankment, foundation fills and foundation native soils.

Northeast Refrigerated Distributing, Tewksbury, Massachusetts - Principal-in-Charge and Geotechnical Project Manager/Designer for a new, $3.6M, 35,000 sf, 40-foot-high refrigerated warehouse for storage of frozen foods. Stephens Associates Consulting Engineers (SA) provided geotechnical design and consultation for this large specialty structure being constructed under a Design-Build Contract. The evaluation was concerned with native and reused (fill) subgrade soils beneath the structure, including buried organics, and the loading dock subject to traffic loads from large trucks. SA designed foundations and made construction recommendations for site, including design of deep soil cuts.

Slope Failure Investigation, Jericho, Vermont – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer to a homeowner that experienced a 30-foot-high, 100-foot-long slope failure behind house. Failure was close to garage (within 5 feet) and house (within 15 feet). Design and construction of mitigating measures (slope repairs) was time-sensitive due to threat of progressive failures on detached garage, and eventually the house.

Water Distribution Pipeline for Seawater Intrusion Mitigation, Monterey County, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for a 46-mile, up to 54-inch diameter water irrigation pipeline for mitigation of seawater intrusion. Extensive use of wells for agricultural irrigation had caused salt seawater to infiltrate the aquifer. The pipeline was designed and constructed to distribute water from a nearby wastewater treatment plant to be use for irrigation in lieu of well water, thus recharging the aquifer with fresh water. Geotechnical engineering included design of trench width and backfill requirements, pipe jacking, pipeline and backfill design, and seismic evaluation of unsuitable soils. The investigation included 55 borings, 148 cone penetration tests (CPT), 10 field vane tests, laboratory testing, and development of geotechnical and seismic engineering recommendations for pipeline design.

Landfill Slope Stability Monitoring, Sunnyvale, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for the slope movement monitoring by Sinco slope inclinometer of two landfills exceeding 100 feet in height. Monitoring included data collection, reduction, interpretation and reported findings.

Manoa Hillside Residential Development, Oahu, Hawaii – As a staff engineer, surveyed geology for suitability of rock for surface water cutoff (diversion) trench to mitigate slope failures (mudslides). Made on-the-spot assessments of locations requiring application of shotcrete as trench liner.

ROCK ENGINEERING

Dead Cambridge River Dam/obstacle, State of Maine, Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife – In 2004, in response media attention to conservation efforts by State of Maine, Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (MDEFW), Trout Unlimited and Orvis Mr. Stephens offered services, on a pro bono basis, to assist these organizations and others to find methods to preserve Maine's legendary Rapid River Drainage area, one of the last rivers to hold a truly wild strain of trophy brook trout in the United States. The population of brook trout is direly threatened by invasive smallmouth bass. Mr. Stephens is collaborating with the MDIFW to design a river obstacle, such as a dam, to resist migration of the smallmouth bass from the Rapid River to C Pond through the Dead Cambridge River.

Brockton City Hall Parking Garage, Brockton, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Designer and Project Manager for this new 2-story parking structure designed for future expansion to 3 stories.

MBTA Bridge Evaluations, Newton, Massachusetts - Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer served as a consultant to project designer and provided geotechnical design and consultation. Evaluated foundation support for three Metropolitan District Commission (MBTA)-owned automobile bridges over the MBTA right-of-way. Using historical information and subsurface investigation, evaluated extent of existing foundations and quality of supporting soils. Evaluated existing abutments for earth and hydrostatic loading.

Reed School Additions, Tiburon Regional School District, Tiburon, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for major renovations and additions to the elementary school. Geotechnical engineering of additions included design and construction observation of drilled shaft foundations socketed into rock.

Hawaii Power Shopping Center, Oahu, Hawaii – As a staff engineer, supervised large-scale geologic and geotechnical investigation, including rock coring, to evaluate foundation soils and rock for support of this large shopping mall.

CSO Abatement, Boston Harbor Cleanup Project, Boston Massachusetts – Assisted in development and evaluation of design alternatives for combined sewer overflow (CSO) abatement. Aided in the assessment of the feasibility of construction of a large-diameter deep underground storage tunnel to be excavated in rock.

SCHOOLS, ARENAS, LIBRARIES and CIVIC CENTERS

Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) Copley Station Renovations, Boston, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Engineer/Project Manager for ADA renovations and other upgrades to existing historic Subway Station. Projects construction costs estimated at $8M. Designed and supervised subsurface exploration program for four 40-foot-deep excavations. Responsible for preliminary design of excavation support and final design recommendations for foundation support and seismic interaction with ground and existing structures including the historic MBTA Station, Boston Public Library and Old South Church.

Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) Science Park Station Renovations, Boston, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Engineer/Project Manager for ADA renovations and other upgrades to existing historic Subway Station. Designed and supervised subsurface exploration program for four excavations. Responsible for preliminary design of excavation support and final design recommendations for foundation support and seismic interaction with ground and existing structures including the Central Artery/Tunnel Project.

Permafrost Evaluation beneath Existing Ice Rink, Valley Sports, Inc., Concord, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Engineer and project manager for evaluation permafrost depth beneath the existing ice rink for use in repairs/renovations to the rink. Used interior subsurface explorations to drill beneath rink surface. Evaluated soil density, temperature, and moisture content, and depth of front penetration.

Watertown Arts Center, Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, MA – Principal Geotechnical Engineer/Project Manager for new state-or-the-art Art Center for the Town of Watertown, Massachusetts. Geotechnical evaluation included drilling in and evaluation of existing structure at Watertown Arsenal to be used for outer structure of proposed Art Center.

Walnut Hill School, Natick, MA – Principal Geotechnical Engineer/Project Manager for new two-story (including basement) slab-on-grade addition to Conant and Bigelow Halls. The Addition is L-shaped, but has overall dimensions of about 110 by 140 feet. The Addition and existing structures form the Proposed Academic 7 Technology Center.

Public Library, Plaistow, New Hampshire – Senior Technical Reviewer for geotechnical engineering of this new public library consisting of a one-story structure, with a loft, on a footprint of about 14,000 sf.

Public Library, Merrimac, Massachusetts – Principal Engineer and Project Manager for geotechnical engineering of this new public library consisting of a one-story slab-on-grade structure on a footprint of about 18,000 sf.

Michael C. Murr Racquet Facility, Harvard University, Soldiers Field, Boston, Massachusetts – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for a state-of-the-art indoor racquet facility consisting of 6 tennis courts, 16 squash courts, associated amenities, and office space. Performed geotechnical investigation, and reported design recommendations and estimated settlement magnitudes for foundation loads and proposed fills. Foundation design consisted of spread footings placed on native sand and gravel, which overlies deep clays. Supervised field testing/observation and consultation services during construction, including environmental consultation on handling and disposing of potentially contaminated material discovered during construction.

New Library Addition, Keene State College, Keene, New Hampshire – Project Manager for geotechnical engineering of an addition to the library. Library design included a 14 foot excavation for a basement. Made geotechnical recommendations for the foundation, drainage and excavation support system and permanent basement retaining walls.

sEISMIC dESIGN AND eNGINEERING sTUDIES

Base Isolation Seismic Retrofit, Oakland City Hall, Oakland, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for geotechnical and environmental investigations and site services during the installation of a base isolation system. Performed geotechnical and environmental (underground storage tank) investigations and site services included observation of excavation and fill quantities, compaction, and prepared footing subgrades, as well as underground storage tank removal and closure for this historic structure and adjacent parking structure.

Addition to Storage Facility, National Marine Fisheries Aquarium, Woods Hole, Massachusetts – Senior Technical Reviewer for this 20-foot-high addition to an existing storage building. Building was constructed on sand placed as reclaimed land behind a tied-back bulkhead. Loose condition of the sand and presence of tie-backs affected options for foundation construction. Sands were prone to liquefaction based on their density and groundwater elevation. Recommended design alternatives included spread footings, rigid mat foundation or drilled minipiles.

Seismic Safety Evaluation, Hidden Dam, California – Staff Engineer, working in conjunction with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), reconnoitered site and planned field investigation for the seismic safety evaluation of this 30-year old, 180-foot high and ¼ mile long dam. Performed civil design of expedient access roads for subsurface and in-situ exploration equipment. Reviewed construction documents and met with engineer involved in dam construction to assess potential for liquefaction of foundation soils left in place.

EXISTING and hISTORIC sTRUCTURES

Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA) Science Park Station Renovations, Boston, Massachusetts – Principal Geotechnical Engineer/Project Manager for ADA renovations and other upgrades to existing historic Subway Station. Designed and supervised subsurface exploration program for four excavations. Responsible for preliminary design of excavation support and final design recommendations for foundation support and seismic interaction with ground and existing structures including the Central Artery/Tunnel Project.

MBTA Bridge Evaluations, Newton, Massachusetts - Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer served as a consultant to project designer and provided geotechnical design and consultation. Evaluated foundation support for three Metropolitan District Commission (MBTA)-owned automobile bridges over the MBTA right-of-way. Using historical information and subsurface investigation, evaluated extent of existing foundations and quality of supporting soils. Evaluated existing abutments for earth and hydrostatic loading.

Existing Pipeline evaluation, Belvedere Island, San Francisco Bay, California – Project Manager for geotechnical evaluation of existing (failing) sewer line exposed at surface at low tide along shoreline of exclusive island community in San Francisco Bay.

Waterfront and Related Project Experience

Seawall Stability Evaluation, Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts – As project Engineer/Assistant Project Manager, evaluated this seawall for stability considering impacts of Central Artery Tunnel construction/improvements using numerical analysis methods.

Chemical Containment Pond Dike Studies, ChevChem Corporation, Richmond, California – Staff Engineer for the proposed expansion of pond depth/area, provided analysis of seismic and static stability of chemical processing/evaporation pond containment dikes by numerical methods. Existing dikes were 15 to 20 feet high, several hundred feet long and were built on very soft clay foundations near San Francisco Bay. Dikes were evaluated for minimum factors of safety of 1.5 and 1.2 for static and seismic stability, respectively.

BUILDINGS, PARKING STRUCTURES, DEVELOPMENTS, ETC.

InterPark Covered Parking Structure, Chelsea, MA – Principal Geotechnical Engineer for feasibility study of proposed steel-framed canopy covering approximately 3.5 acres of at-grade parking. SA evaluated liquefaction and need for deep foundations in consideration of economic impacts of foundations, shallow groundwater, and subsurface contamination.

Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority (MVRTA) Transportation Center, Amesbury, Massachusetts –

Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority (MVRTA) Transportation Center, Haverhill, Massachusetts –

Economic Geology of Private Property, Westford, Massachusetts – Principal Geologist/Project Manager for evaluation of economic geology of 115-acre parcel in Westford Massachusetts. Planned, engaged contractor and oversaw exploratory borings and test pits for evaluation of development of property for mineral aggregate borrow. Evaluated site minerals based on exploration and laboratory results.

New Clubhouse and Golf Cart Storage Buildings, Brookmeadow Country Club, Canton, Massachusetts – Principal In charge for geotechnical, and hydrogeological services for the new, two-story Clubhouse and Golf Cart Storage Building. Construction costs are estimated to be about $3M. Stephens Associates Consulting Engineers (SA) was retained by the Architect to provide geotechnical design for the new facilities as well as install groundwater monitoring wells, perform permeability testing and estimate groundwater mounding beneath the proposed soil absorption system (leach field) by hydrogeological methods.

MBTA Commuter Rail Extension/Restoration, Ipswich to Newburyport, Massachusetts – Project Engineer/Assistant Project Manager working as consultant to project designer, provided geotechnical design and consultation for about 10 miles of railroad restoration/extension. Planned and coordinated exploration program to assess foundation support for two existing bridges carrying Route 1A over the railroad right-of-way in Rowley. Evaluated extent of scour protection for MBTA Railroad Bridge over the Parker River in Newbury. Evaluated bedrock elevations in proposed station parking area. Assisted in evaluation of existing runoff drainage system for impacts of new construction in Ipswich, Rowley, and Newburyport. Performed geotechnical engineering analyses to estimate settlement at proposed layover facility. Performed geotechnical investigation, laboratory testing and reported results and recommendations for proposed Newburyport Station, including design of compensated (load-balanced) foundation on lightweight foam concrete fill (LFCF) to reduce settlement.

5^th & Mission Streets Parking Garage, San Francisco, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for the foundation improvements to a five-story parking structure. Provided geotechnical services during construction, including observation of excavation, observation and testing of prepared footing upgrades, and observation and technical consultation on jet grouting and other construction-related issues.

Office Depot Store Additions, Hackensack, New Jersey – Senior Technical Reviewer for geotechnical engineering. Project consisted of geotechnical design of this 20,000 sf, two-story, steel-framed, masonry block addition to an existing retail outlet. Geotechnical engineering included site reconnaissance, subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, and geotechnical analysis and design for footings, slabs-on grade, and retaining walls for a below-grade loading dock.

Nextel Communication Tower, Hanover, Massachusetts - Senior Technical Reviewer for geotechnical engineering. Project consisted of geotechnical design for a 180-foot monopole communication tower, including subsurface exploration, resistivity testing, laboratory testing, and geotechnical analysis and design.

Self-Storage Facility, Wareham, Massachusetts – Senior Technical Reviewer for geotechnical engineering. Project consisted of geotechnical design of a 50,000 sf, one-story steel self-storage rental facility on post-tensioned concrete slab-on-grade floors. Geotechnical engineering included subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, and geotechnical analysis and design.

Storage Facility, Weymouth, Massachusetts – Senior Technical Reviewer for geotechnical engineering. Project consisted of a 15,570 sf, one-story steel storage facility with a basement. Geotechnical engineering included subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, and geotechnical analysis and design for foundations and basement walls.

Storage Facility Conversion, Weymouth, Massachusetts – Senior Technical Reviewer for geotechnical engineering. Project consisted of converting of a 30,000 sf, one-story retail facility to a three-story storage facility Geotechnical engineering included subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, and geotechnical analysis and design.

Additions to Lord & Taylor Retail Store, May Company Stores, Eastchester, New York – Senior Technical Reviewer for these additions to an existing Retail Store. Geotechnical engineering included performance exploratory borings, including rock coring, as well as foundation analysis and design.

New Office/Administrative Building, Southern New England Regional Medical Center, Nashua, New Hampshire - Project Manager for geotechnical engineering of this three-story office building. Foundation conditions consisted of medium dense to dense alluvial sands. Investigation included gathering of existing data, geotechnical analysis and design.

Freudenberg-NOK Factory, Northfield, New Hampshire – Project Manager for geotechnical design of this factory built partially on an abandoned municipal landfill. Foundations and slopes were of major concern for stability under building loads, and for landfill gas migration to the new structure.

Glass Recycling Facility, Golden State Glass Recycling, Sunol, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer the geotechnical design of foundations for a glass recycling center, including building and machinery foundations (e.g., steel hoppers, glass crushers, conveyors, etc.,) and pavements. Foundation design included recommendations for temporary excavations, slopes and embankments, lateral and vertical resistance of spread footings, and pavements and floor slabs.

New Biomedical Research Facility, Eisai Merrimack Valley Laboratories, Andover, Massachusetts – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for this detailed geotechnical study of this formerly cleared and grubbed site used as a staging area for import and export of fills and organic (deleterious waste) used at a nearby site. Study included excavation of more than 30 test pits to evaluate previous fill history (i.e., map wasted tree and stump spoils, former soil fill staging area, etc.), as well as geotechnical design of this three-story settlement-sensitive structure.

Manoa Hillside Residential Development, Oahu, Hawaii – As a staff engineer, surveyed geology for suitability of rock for surface water cutoff (diversion) trench to mitigate slope failures (mudslides). Evaluated trench for locations requiring application of shotcrete as trench liner.

Sam. O. Hirota, Civil Engineers and Land Surveyors, Oahu, Hawaii – As an Engineering Technician, performed civil design, drafting and surveying on a variety of federal, state, local, and private civil engineering projects.

INDUSTRIAL, ENERGY, PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS and REFINERIES

New Biomedical Research Facility, Eisai Merrimack Valley Laboratories, Andover, Massachusetts – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for detailed geotechnical study of a site formerly used as a staging area for import and export of fills and organics (deleterious waste) during construction at a nearby site. Study included excavation of more than 30 test pits to evaluate previous fill history (i.e., map wasted tree and stump spoils, former soil fill staging area, etc.), as well as geotechnical design of this three-story settlement-sensitive structure.

River Levees Gas Transmission Pipeline Relocation, Pacific Gas & Electric Company, Sacramento River Delta, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for construction feasibility analysis for the relocation of gas transmission pipeline river crossings. Alternatives including considerations of cut-and-cover (dredging), pipe jacking and horizontal drilling installation methods through 25-foot high river levees and soft sediments. Evaluated protective measures for scour/hooking protection of pipeline.

PIPELINES / UTILITIES

MWRA Lynnfield/Saugus Pipelines, Saugus, Massachusetts – Geotechnical Principal-in-Charge for this water main buried pipeline project. The project consists of installation of about 2,560 ft. of buried 36-in. diameter MWRA water main, 4,240 ft. of buried 24-in. diameter MWRA water main, and 6,000 ft. of buried 12-in. water main for the Town of Saugus, parallel to the MWRA main. Oversaw and supervised evaluation of subsurface conditions with respect to excavation and support of the buried pipeline, geotechnical laboratory testing on geotechnical samples obtained from the subsurface explorations, geological site and map reconnaissance along the pipeline alignment, identification of areas of potential shallow bedrock, liquefiable soils, shallow groundwater, and seismic hazards, and geotechnical reporting.

Two Water Treatment Facilities, Dennis Water District, Dennis, MA –Principal-In-Charge of geotechnical engineering services for two steel-framed structures with footprints of about 50 by 100 ft. housing water treatment tanks and associated equipment at two sites owned by the Dennis Water District. The buildings include pipe galleries and chemical containment areas in sections of the building depressed about 8 ft. below the primary slab.

Elevated Water Tank, Centerville, MA – Principal-In-Charge of geotechnical engineering services for a proposed 164-ft. tall composite water storage tank with a steel head and concrete shaft and a capacity of about 1.5 million gallons for the Centerville-Osterville-Marston Mills Water District. Head and shaft diameters are 87 ft. and 48 ft., respectively

Mattapoisett Water and Sewer Department Water Tank, Mattapoisett Bay Club, Mattapoisett, MA –Principal-In-Charge of geotechnical engineering services for a 77-ft. tall, steel water storage tank with head and shaft diameters of about 70 and 36 ft., respectively, and a capacity of about one million gallons.

5-mile Natural Gas Pipeline and Crossing using Trenchless Technology, Berkshire Gas Company, Northampton and Hatfield, Massachusetts – Geotechnical Principal-in-Charge. Evaluated geotechnical conditions at three potential pipeline crossings of Interstate 91 and prepared a siting study along the proposed alignment, noting significant geotechnical considerations for pipeline design and construction. The I-91 crossings will use trenchless technology, most likely horizontal directional drilling, to install 500 to 1000 feet of pipe beneath the highway. SA evaluated the subsurface conditions with respect to excavation and lateral earth pressures of drilling/jacking pits and in drilling of the pipeline crossing. SA also performed laboratory testing on samples of Connecticut Valley Varved Clay obtained from the subsurface explorations and compared the results with published data. Through geological site and map reconnaissance along the pipeline alignment, SA identified areas of potential shallow bedrock, liquefiable soils, shallow groundwater, slope instability and seismic hazards.

Essex Sewer Project, Gloucester, Massachusetts – Principal in Charge of consultation and preparation of blasting specification for rock removal by explosive methods in close proximity to the MassHighway Bridge over Route 128 in Gloucester.

Hampton Beach Sewer Project, Hampton New Hampshire – Principal in Charge of geotechnical explorations and recommendations for sewer design and construction on the 7-mile-long Hampton Beach Infrastructure Reconstruction Project.

Kings Highway Sewer Project, Hampton, New Hampshire – Principal in Charge of geotechnical explorations and recommendations for sewer design and construction on the 3-mile-long Kings Highway Infrastructure Reconstruction Project.

New Water Supply Tank, Waterford, Connecticut – Project Manager of geotechnical engineering for new water storage tank with a storage capacity of 3.27 million gallons. The proposed water tank will be located near the existing Tank on Tremont Street in Waterford, CT, as shown in the attached Figures 1 and 2. The proposed tank will be about 100 feet in diameter and 58 feet tall, and will be designed and constructed by NATGUN Precast Prestressed Concrete Tanks.

Gas Metering and Regulating Facility, Freetown, Massachusetts – Principal in charge of geotechnical engineering for new facility to regulate flow along gas pipelines.

Gas Metering and Regulating Facility, Sharon, Massachusetts – Principal in charge of geotechnical engineering for new facility to regulate flow along gas pipelines.

MWRA Wastewater Main Pipeline, Lynn, Massachusetts – Project Engineer for geotechnical design and environmental assessment. Designed ductile iron pipe for maintenance of structural integrity under heavy truck loading. Assessed alternatives for groundwater flow barriers to facilitate construction in city streets subject to contamination from adjacent industrial properties.

MBTA Groundwater Treatment System, Somerville, Massachusetts - As Project Engineer/Assistant Project Manager, provided environmental design and consultation during construction of a groundwater treatment system for MBTA’s rail yard at the old Boston Engine Terminal. Treatment system consisted of 11 wells and oil/water separators with dissolved air floatation system and carbon filter capable of sustaining flows of 200 gpm. Provided owner representation during well design and installation/construction and periodic observation during treatment system construction. Reviewed and advised owner regarding contractor design modification (shop drawings) submittals for requests for information and health and safety, testing, excavation and disposal of contaminated soils, dewatering of contaminated groundwater and related matters.

River Levees Gas Transmission Pipeline Relocation, Pacific Gas & Electric Company, Sacramento River Delta, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for construction feasibility analysis for the relocation of gas transmission pipeline river crossings. Alternatives including considerations of cut-and-cover (dredging), pipe jacking and horizontal drilling installation methods through 25-foot high river levees and soft sediments. Evaluated protective measures for scour/hooking protection of pipeline.

ENVIRONMENTAL

Freudenberg-NOK Product Facility and Office Space, Northfield, New Hampshire – Project Manager for geotechnical design of this factory built partially on an abandoned municipal landfill. Foundations and slopes were of major concern for stability under building loads, and for landfill gas migration to the new structure.

Immediate Response Action (IRA), 20,000-Gallon Underground Storage Tank, Norwood, Massachusetts – Project Engineer for this phased environmental investigation. Led field investigation and IRA writing for this leaking UST and nearby “greywater” catch basin. Field investigation included mobile environmental laboratory (MEL) analyses to assess petroleum contamination levels in soil excavated during UST removal. Directed soil excavation/stockpiling, and water pumping to a fractionation tank in field based on MEL results. On behalf of the owner, issued report describing the basis for closure of site.

Base Isolation Seismic Retrofit, Oakland City Hall, Oakland, California – Project Manager and primary geotechnical designer for geotechnical and environmental investigations and site services during the installation of a base isolation system. Performed geotechnical and environmental (underground storage tank) investigations and site services including observation of excavation and fill quantities, compaction, and prepared footing subgrades, as well as underground storage tank removal and closure.

PUBLICATIONS

Bryan, Wilfred B. and Stephens, Robert S., “Coastal Bench Formation at Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii,” Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, March 1993, pp. 377-386.